NEB Class 12 VVI Questions | physics | Notes

📘 NEB Class 12 Physics – Most Important Questions (2080/2081) Chapter-wise collection of crucial short and long answer questions for NEB Class 12 Physics based on the latest curriculum and exam trends. Ideal for revision and exam preparation. 📗 Unit 1: Mechanics 🔹 Rotational Dynamics Derive the expression for kinetic energy of a rotating body. Define moment of inertia and radius of gyration. Prove: 𝐼 = 𝑀 𝑅 2 I=MR 2 for a circular ring. Derive torque and angular momentum relation. Conservation of angular momentum – statement and proof. Explain rolling without slipping. 🔹 Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) What is SHM? Derive the equation 𝑎 = − 𝜔 2 𝑥 a=−ω 2 x. Energy of a particle in SHM. Period of vertical spring-mass system. Damped and forced oscillations. Define resonance with examples. 🔹 Fluid Mechanics State and explain Archimedes’ principle. Derive Bernoulli’s theorem with application. Define viscosity. Derive Stoke’s law. Continuity equation and its application. Surface tension and angle of contact. 🌡️ Unit 2: Heat & Thermodynamics 🔹 First Law of Thermodynamics Derive: Δ 𝑄 = Δ 𝑈 + Δ 𝑊 ΔQ=ΔU+ΔW Cp and Cv relation for ideal gas. Work done in isothermal and adiabatic processes. Adiabatic equation derivation. 🔹 Second Law & Engines State Carnot’s theorem. Derive efficiency of Carnot engine. Compare Otto and Diesel engines. Entropy: concept and formula. 🌊 Unit 3: Waves & Optics 🔹 Wave Motion Transverse and longitudinal waves. Equation of a progressive wave. Superposition principle. 🔹 Stationary Waves & Sound Harmonics in open and closed pipes. Laplace’s correction. Doppler effect (source and observer motion). 🔹 Interference & Diffraction Young’s double-slit experiment: Derivation. Conditions for constructive and destructive interference. Single-slit diffraction pattern. Diffraction grating and resolving power. 🔹 Polarization Explain plane polarized light. Brewster’s law and Malus’ law. ⚡ Unit 4: Electricity & Magnetism 🔹 Electrical Circuits Kirchhoff’s laws with numerical. Wheatstone bridge & meter bridge principle. Potentiometer: principle and uses. Conversion of galvanometer to ammeter and voltmeter. 🔹 Magnetism Biot-Savart law and its application. Ampere’s circuital law. Force between parallel currents. Magnetic field due to solenoid and toroid. 🔹 Electromagnetic Induction Faraday’s laws and Lenz’s law. Eddy currents and their applications. Mutual and self-inductance. Working of transformer. 🔹 Alternating Current (AC) Define peak, rms, and average value of AC. Derive current in R, L, and C circuits. AC power and power factor. Resonance in LCR circuit. 🔬 Unit 5: Modern Physics 🔹 Photoelectric Effect Einstein’s photoelectric equation. Characteristics of photoelectric effect. Millikan’s oil drop experiment. 🔹 Semiconductors PN junction diode: forward and reverse bias. Zener diode and its application in voltage regulation. Logic gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR – truth tables. 🔹 Atomic Physics Bohr’s postulates and derivation of radius and energy. de Broglie hypothesis and equation. X-ray properties and uses. 🔹 Nuclear Physics Define half-life and mean life. Derive the radioactive decay law. Nuclear fission and fusion. Use of radioisotopes in medicine and agriculture. 🔹 Recent Trends Earthquake waves: P, S, Love, Rayleigh waves. Basics of nanotechnology and its applications. Introduction to gravitational waves and Higgs boson.

📗 Unit 1: Mechanics
🔹 Rotational Dynamics
Derive the expression for kinetic energy of a rotating body.

Define moment of inertia and radius of gyration.

Prove:
𝐼
=
𝑀
𝑅
2
I=MR
2
for a circular ring.

Derive torque and angular momentum relation.

Conservation of angular momentum – statement and proof.

Explain rolling without slipping.

🔹 Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
What is SHM? Derive the equation
𝑎
=
−
𝜔
2
𝑥
a=−ω
2
x.

Energy of a particle in SHM.

Period of vertical spring-mass system.

Damped and forced oscillations.

Define resonance with examples.

🔹 Fluid Mechanics
State and explain Archimedes’ principle.

Derive Bernoulli’s theorem with application.

Define viscosity. Derive Stoke’s law.

Continuity equation and its application.

Surface tension and angle of contact.

🌡️ Unit 2: Heat & Thermodynamics
🔹 First Law of Thermodynamics
Derive:
Δ
𝑄
=
Δ
𝑈
+
Δ
𝑊
ΔQ=ΔU+ΔW

Cp and Cv relation for ideal gas.

Work done in isothermal and adiabatic processes.

Adiabatic equation derivation.

🔹 Second Law & Engines
State Carnot’s theorem.

Derive efficiency of Carnot engine.

Compare Otto and Diesel engines.

Entropy: concept and formula.

🌊 Unit 3: Waves & Optics
🔹 Wave Motion
Transverse and longitudinal waves.

Equation of a progressive wave.

Superposition principle.

🔹 Stationary Waves & Sound
Harmonics in open and closed pipes.

Laplace’s correction.

Doppler effect (source and observer motion).

🔹 Interference & Diffraction
Young’s double-slit experiment: Derivation.

Conditions for constructive and destructive interference.

Single-slit diffraction pattern.

Diffraction grating and resolving power.

🔹 Polarization
Explain plane polarized light.

Brewster’s law and Malus’ law.

⚡ Unit 4: Electricity & Magnetism
🔹 Electrical Circuits
Kirchhoff’s laws with numerical.

Wheatstone bridge & meter bridge principle.

Potentiometer: principle and uses.

Conversion of galvanometer to ammeter and voltmeter.

🔹 Magnetism
Biot-Savart law and its application.

Ampere’s circuital law.

Force between parallel currents.

Magnetic field due to solenoid and toroid.

🔹 Electromagnetic Induction
Faraday’s laws and Lenz’s law.

Eddy currents and their applications.

Mutual and self-inductance.

Working of transformer.

🔹 Alternating Current (AC)
Define peak, rms, and average value of AC.

Derive current in R, L, and C circuits.

AC power and power factor.

Resonance in LCR circuit.

🔬 Unit 5: Modern Physics
🔹 Photoelectric Effect
Einstein’s photoelectric equation.

Characteristics of photoelectric effect.

Millikan’s oil drop experiment.

🔹 Semiconductors
PN junction diode: forward and reverse bias.

Zener diode and its application in voltage regulation.

Logic gates: AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR – truth tables.

🔹 Atomic Physics
Bohr’s postulates and derivation of radius and energy.

de Broglie hypothesis and equation.

X-ray properties and uses.

🔹 Nuclear Physics
Define half-life and mean life.

Derive the radioactive decay law.

Nuclear fission and fusion.

Use of radioisotopes in medicine and agriculture.

🔹 Recent Trends
Earthquake waves: P, S, Love, Rayleigh waves.

Basics of nanotechnology and its applications.

Introduction to gravitational waves and Higgs boson.