Transition Metals

🔬 Transition Metals – Class 12 Chemistry NEB | Complete Notes & Summary Transition metals are the elements found in the d-block of the periodic table, specifically groups 3 to 12. These elements are known for their variable oxidation states, formation of colored compounds, complex ions, and catalytic properties. They play a vital role in both biological systems and industrial processes. 📌 Key Characteristics of Transition Metals: Partially filled d-orbitals in their ground or common oxidation states. Exhibit multiple oxidation states (e.g., Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺). Form colored compounds due to d-d electronic transitions. Act as good catalysts (e.g., Fe in Haber process). Form complex compounds with ligands. Show magnetic properties (paramagnetism due to unpaired electrons). 🧪 Common Transition Metals: Iron (Fe) Copper (Cu) Nickel (Ni) Chromium (Cr) Manganese (Mn) Cobalt (Co) Zinc (Zn) – though considered a borderline case as it has a full d-subshell. ⚙️ Uses and Applications: Iron: Steel production Copper: Electrical wiring Titanium: Aerospace and medical implants Platinum: Catalytic converters Manganese: Batteries and steel hardening 🧠 Why Are Transition Metals Important? Transition metals are essential in everyday life—from the hemoglobin in your blood (iron) to rechargeable batteries, industrial catalysts, and paints & pigments. Their unique ability to form stable complexes and diverse oxidation states makes them a backbone of coordination chemistry. This complete overview helps Class 12 NEB Chemistry students understand the fundamentals of transition elements, ensuring solid exam preparation and practical awareness.